Conditional Sentence

In grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form such sentences.

Full conditional sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis.

If it rains [condition], (then) the picnic will be cancelled [consequence].

Syntactically, the condition is the subordinate clause, and the consequence is the main clause. However, the properties of the entire sentence are primarily determined by the properties of the protasis (condition) (its tense and degree of factualness). There are 3 type in conditional sentences :

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Example :

1. If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
2. If I hadn't helped you, you would have failed.
3. If it had been sunny, we could have gone out.
4. If I were you, I wouldn't do that.
5. If I had more time, I would do more on my websites.
6. If I have time today, I will phone my friend.
7. If I go to England, I will buy some Cheddar cheese.
8. If he said that to me, I would run away.
9. If you had called me, I would have come.
10. If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.

Sumber : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-140-conditional-sentences.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence

Contoh - contoh Passive Sentence

Negative Passive Sentence

1. The ball is not kicked well by player.
2. Food hasn't served.
3. People are changed by time.
4. The machine is turned off automatically.
5. The thread is not posted.
6. The letter wasn't burned.
7. Jungle hasn't converted into forestry.
8. Guitar is not being played.
9. Dog has been adopted by a girl.
10. De la hoya isn't punched by Chris john.

Interogative Passive Sentence

1. Is the ball kicked well?
2. Has food served?
3. Are people changed by time?
4. Is the machine turn off automatically?
5. Is then thread posted?
6. Was the letter burned?
7. Has jungle converted into forestry?
8. Is guitar being played?
9. Has dog been adopted by girl?
10. Is De la hoya punched by Chris john?
    

Intransitive Verb

In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb that has no object. This differs from a transitive verb, which takes one or more objects. Both classes of verb are related to the concept of the transitivity of a verb.

Examples of intransitive verbs include to die and to sleep. Transitive verbs include to see and to give.

The valency of a verb is related concept. Where the transitivity of a verb only considers the objects, the valency of a verb considers all the arguments the verb takes, including both the subject of the verb and all of the objects (of which there are none for an intransitive verb).

Depending on the type of object they take, verbs may be transitive, intransitive, or linking.

The meaning of a transitive verb is incomplete without a direct object, as in the following examples:

INCOMPLETE
The shelf holds.
COMPLETE
The shelf holds three books and a vase of flowers.
INCOMPLETE
The committee named.
COMPLETE
The committee named a new chairperson.
INCOMPLETE
The child broke.
COMPLETE
The child broke the plate.

An intransitive verb, on the other hand, cannot take a direct object. Many verbs can be either transitive or intransitive, depending on their context in the sentence.

An intransitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a double activity like arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, die, etc. Second, unlike a transitive verb, it will not have a direct object receiving the action.
Here are some examples of intransitive verbs:
Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with only seven seconds to spare.
Arrived = intransitive verb.
James went to the campus cafe for a steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew.
Went = intransitive verb.
To escape the midday sun, the cats lie in the shade under our cars.
Lie = intransitive verb.
Around fresh ground pepper, Sheryl sneezes with violence.
Sneezes = intransitive verb.
In the evenings, Glenda sits on the front porch to admire her immaculate lawn.
Sits = intransitive verb.
Flipped on its back, the beetle that Clara soaked with insecticide dies under the refrigerator.
Dies = intransitive verb.

Realize that many verbs can be both transitive and intransitive.
An action verb with a direct object is transitive while an action verb with no direct object is intransitive. Some verbs, such as arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, and die, are always intransitive; it is impossible for a direct object to follow.
Other action verbs, however, can be transitive or intransitive, depending on what follows in the sentence. Compare these examples:
Because of blood sugar problems, Rosa always eats before leaving for school.
Eats = intransitive verb.
If there is no leftover pizza, Rosa usually eats whole-grain cereal.
Eats = transitive verb; cereal = direct object.
During cross-country practice, Damien runs over hills, through fields, across the river, and along the highway.
Runs = intransitive verb.
In the spring, Damien will run his first marathon.
Will run = transitive verb; marathon = direct object.

Example

1. Father sleeps on bedroom.
2. Children are whining for a candy.
3. I'm wake at 05.30 am.
4. Elvis leave the building.
5. She live at Kapuk street.
6. You are weeping like a baby.
7. We walk to the stadium.
8. He sing for his lover.
9. They try to confuse me.
10. My pet is tired.
    

Sumber : http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/trnsintr.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransitive_verb

Transitive Verb

In syntax, a transitive verb is a verb that requires both a direct subject and one or more objects. The term is used to contrast intransitive verbs, which do not have objects. Among transitive verbs there are three sub-types: monotransitive verbs have only a direct object, ditransitive verbs have a direct object and an indirect or benefactive object. Complex-transitive verbs have a direct object and an object attribute.

Many verbs have both a transitive and an intransitive function, depending on how they are used. The verb break, for instance, sometimes takes a direct object ("Rihanna breaks my heart") and sometimes does not ("When I hear your name, my heart breaks"). A transitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity like kick, want, paint, write, eat, clean, etc. Second, it must have a direct object, something or someone who receives the action of the verb.

Example : She eats gado-gado.
They hit floor with stick.
I play guitar.
You break my heart.
Father drinks coffee.
Fire burns the woods.
John punchs De la Hoya hardly.
Mike bites someone ear.
We give you thumbs up.
He cross the bridge.

Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_verb
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/transitiveverb.htm
http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/tranverb02term.htm

Passive Voice

The passive voice is a grammatical construction (a "voice") in which the subject of a sentence or clause denotes the recipient of the action (the patient) rather than the performer (the agent). In the English language, the English passive voice is formed with an auxiliary verb (usually be or get) plus a participle (usually the past participle) of a transitive verb.

A sentence featuring the passive voice is sometimes called a passive sentence, and a verb phrase in passive voice is sometimes called a passive verb. English differs from languages in which voice is indicated through a simple inflection, since the English passive is periphrastic, composed of an auxiliary verb plus the past participle of the transitive verb.

A passive voice is form by Subject + to be + Past Particle / Verb3. Usually only a transitive verb can be changed from active voice to passive voice. Passive voice is used as the object of the active voice is more important information than its subject.

To change a sentence from active to passive voice, do the following:

1. Move the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject slot

2. Place the active sentence's subject into a phrase beginning with the preposition by

3. Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the main verb's form

Because passive voice sentences necessarily add words and change the normal doer-action-receiver of action direction, they may make the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning.

As the examples below illustrate, a sentence in active voice flows more smoothly and is easier to understand than the same sentence in passive voice.

It is generally preferable to use the ACTIVE voice.

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above.

1. Move the passive sentence's subject into the active sentence's direct object slot

2. Remove the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if needed

3. Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition by into the subject slot.

Because it is more direct, most writers prefer to use the active voice whenever possible.

The passive voice may be a better choice, however, when

• the doer of the action is unknown, unwanted, or unneeded in the sentence

Examples

• the writer wishes to emphasize the action of the sentence rather than the doer of the action

Examples

• the writer wishes to use passive voice for sentence variety.

Example : The thread is posted.
The letter was burned.
The city was founded by Eric Gargaton.
Jungle has been converted into forestry.
Caesar was stabbed by Brutus.

Sumber : http://www.towson.edu/ows/activepass.htm
http://swarabhaskara.com/miscellaneous/active-and-passive-voice/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_passive_voice

Modifier

A word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to limit or qualify the meaning of another word or word group (called the head). Modifiers that appear before the head are called premodifiers. Modifiers that appear after the head are called postmodifiers.

By adding modifying phrases to the end of a sentence, a writer can take the reader in new, sometimes unexpected directions. A resumptive modifier picks up a word or phrase from a sentence that seems to be finished and then adds information and takes the reader into new territory of thought. Because resumptive modifiers are, by nature, repetitive, they tend also to add a sense of rhythm to a sentence.

Example :
Father drives car very carefully.
He eats two hamburgers.
We are going to biology class.
She makes a sweet cake.
I write a good sentence.

Sumber : http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/modterm.htm

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/sentences.htm

Komplemen

A complement (notice the spelling of the word) is any word or phrase that completes the sense of a subject, an object, or a verb. As you will see, the terminology describing predicates and complements can overlap and be a bit confusing. Students are probably wise to learn one set of terms, not both. Complements are required to complete the verb.

A subject complement follows a linking verb; it is normally an adjective or a noun that renames or defines in some way the subject.
A glacier is a huge body of ice.
Glaciers are beautiful and potentially dangerous at the same time.
This glacier is not yet fully formed. (verb form acting as an adjective, a participle)

Adjective complements are also called predicate adjectives; noun complements are also called predicate nouns or predicate nominatives. See predicates, above.
An object complement follows and modifies or refers to a direct object. It can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective.
The convention named Dogbreath Vice President to keep him happy. (The noun "Vice President" complements the direct object "Dogbreath"; the adjective "happy" complements the object "him.")

The clown got the children too excited. (The participle "excited" complements the object "children.")

A verb complement is a direct or indirect object of a verb.

Granny left Raoul all her money. (Both "money" [the direct object] and "Raoul" [the indirect object] are said to be the verb complements of this sentence.)

Contoh Kalimat

The news makes me upset. (upset = Objective Complement)
He grew happier gradually (happier = Subjective Complement)
The game is now over (now = Subjective Complement)

Komplemen, seperti fungsinya yaitu untuk melengkapi verb dalam sebuah kalimat tentu diperlukan, tapi tidak pada semua kalimat bahasa inggris. Complement sangat diperlukan oleh :
1. Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja yang membutuhkan objek) read, write, make, invite, dll.
2. Intransitive Verbs (Kata Kerja yang tidak membutuhkan objek) seperti boil, walk, sleep, dll.
3. Linking Verbs

Sumber : http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/objects.htm
http://ismailmidi.com/berita-88-sentences.html

Fungsi Verb

A verb is a word expressing an action or a condition of a subject.

There are three properties which characterize verbs in English--tense, voice, and mood.

In English the fourteen verb tenses express the time or relative time in which an action or condition occurs.

The voice of a verb, passive or active, expresses whether the action is being received by the subject or being done by the subject. The two voices may occur in any tense.

The mood of a verb expresses the conditions under which an action or condition is taking place. In English there are three moods--indicative, subjunctive, or imperative. Indicative and subjunctive can be in any tense; imperative, only in the present tense.

Verbs are also classified according to function. Action verbs show action or possession. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Linking verbs show the condition of the subject. Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are used with other verbs to change the tense, voice, or condition of the verb.

Conditional verbs are verbs conjugated with could, would, or should to show a possible condition. They may be in any tense.

The principal parts of a verb are the four forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. In English the four principal parts are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, the past participle, and the present participle. Since the present participle is always formed the same way (add -ing), some lists of principal parts omit it.

Sumber : http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000380.htm

Article

Jakarta (UR): The striker on Indonesia’s senior national football team, Bambang Pamungkas, warned the media and public not to get too excited over the performance of the under-23 side in the 26th SEA Games, saying it was too early to celebrate.

He alluded to Indonesia’s performance in the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) Cup last year. In the tournament, Indonesia rode into the final on the back of spectacular wins, but the high expectations and increased publicity affected the team’s game, he said.

Indonesia lost 3-0 in the away game and won 2-1 in the home game to hand the trophy to Malaysia.

“Now our U-23 team is in good form. They have secured a berth in the semifinals, so let’s celebrate within reason. I call on media to not overdo the media scrutiny on the team as it will hurt their concentration,” Bambang said in Jakarta on Monday.

He added that the players would need full concentration for their next matches.

“During the 2010 AFF Cup, the media treated us like we had already won the trophy. We became arrogant. We are only human. I hope this doesn’t happen to our U-23 team,” he said.

Bambang added that he was happy with the U-23 side’s progress, and said the players had good prospects for the future.

“I’m happy with the progress of the players on this team. I hope in time they will replace us. We cannot play for the national team forever,” he said.

Sentence

1. The striker on Indonesia’s senior national football team, Bambang Pamungkas, warned the media and public not to get too excited over the performance of the under-23 side in the 26th SEA Games. Simple Present Tense
2. saying it was too early to celebrate. Countinous Past Tense
3. He alluded to Indonesia’s performance in the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) Cup last year. Simple Present Tense
4. Indonesia lost 3-0 in the away game and won 2-1 in the home game to hand the trophy to Malaysia. Simple Past Tense
5. They have secured a berth in the semifinals, so let’s celebrate within reason. Perfect Present Tense
6. I call on media to not overdo the media scrutiny on the team as it will hurt their concentration Simple Present Tense
7. He added that the players would need full concentration for their next matches. Simple Present Tense, Perfect Future Tense
8. the media treated us. Simple Present Tense
9. we had already won the trophy. Perfect Past Tense
10. I hope this doesn’t happen to our U-23 team. Simple Present Tense
11. Bambang added that he was happy with the U-23 side’s progress. Simple Past Tense
12. said the players had good prospects for the future. Simple Past Tense
13. I hope in time they will replace us. Simple Present Tense
14. We cannot play for the national team forever. Simple Present Tense

Sumber : http://seag2011.com/en/news/detail/135/Bambang-Pamungkas:-Don't-celebrate-until-we've-won/

Subject and Verb Aggrement

Subject and verb aggrement adalah ketentuan atau peraturan yang mengatakan jika subject singular (tunggal) maka verb harus berupa singular juga. Dan jika subject plural (jamak) maka verb harus berupa plural pula. Ada banyak aturan dalam ketentuan ini akan tetapi peraturan dasar tetap sama adapun pola tersebut dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut :

	Singular subject	Singular verb	Tenses
1	He/She/it	verb1 + es/s	simple present
2	He/She/it	is + verb-ing	present continuous
3	He/She/it	was + verb-ing	past continuous
4	He/She/it	has + verb3	present perfect
5	He/She/it	has + been + verb-ing	present perfect continuous
6	He/She/it	is going to + verb1	simple future
7	He/She/It	is going to + be verb-ing	future continuous
8	He/She/it	was going to + verb1	past future
9	He/She/It	was going to + be verb-ing	past future continuous

Dan jika subject berupa plural :

Plural subject	Plural verb	Tense
1	I/we/you/they	verb1	simple present
2	I/we/you/they	am/are + verb-ing	present continuous
3	I/we/you/they	was/were + verb-ing	past continuous
4	I/we/you/they	have+ verb3	present perfect
5	I/we/you/they	have + been + verb-ing	present perfect continuous
6	I/we/you/they	am/are going to + verb1	simple future
7	I/we/you/they	am/are going to + be verb-ing	future continuous
8	I/we/you/they	was/were going to + verb1	past future
9	I/we/you/they	was/were going to + be verb-ing	past future continuous

Definisi dan fungsi Subject

Subject adalah pelaku atau agen dari sebuah pekerjaan, tapi juga bisa menjadi pembawa suatu atribut. Subjek memiliki fungsi gramatikal dalam kalimat penyusunnya berhubungan (frase benda) dengan menggunakan kata kerja untuk setiap elemen lain yang ada dalam kalimat, yaitu objek, pelengkap dan keterangan.

Bentuk-bentuk Subject

Subjek biasanya kata benda, frase nomina, atau kata ganti. Dalam kalimat deklaratif, subjek biasanya muncul sebelum kata kerja ("Gus pernah tersenyum"). Dalam sebuah kalimat interogatif, subjek biasanya mengikuti bagian pertama dari kata kerja ("Apakah Gus pernah tersenyum?").


Sumber : http://swarabhaskara.com/parts-of-speech/subject-verb-agreement-part-1/

Leadership

Leadership atau dalam bahasa Indonesia yaitu kepemimpinan adalah suatu perilaku dengan tujuan tertentu untuk mempengaruhi aktivitas anggota kelompok untuk mencapai tujuan bersama yang dirancang memberikan manfaat bagi individu dan kelompok (Sarros dan Butchasky, 1996). Walaupun bukan suatu bidang ilmu akan tetapi kepemimpinan bisa dipelajari oleh semua individu dengan praktek mulai dari diri sendiri kemudian kepada orang lain.

Secara umum, orang akan mengatakan seseorang dapat menjadi seorang pemimpin jika dia memiliki ciri yang penting yaitu karisma, pandangan ke depan, persuasi dan intensitas. Atau dalam sumber lain mengatakan bahwa pemimpin harus memiliki ciri, integritas, bertanggung jawab, pengetahuan yang luas, komitmen, dan percaya diri.

Akan tetapi, masyarakat Indonesia kini lebih condong pada pemimpin yang berkharisma dan berprilaku sopan dan santun. Sehingga ciri lain yang diperlukan untuk menjadi pemimpin tidak diperhatikan atau malah tertutupi karena terpesona dengan karisma individu tersebut. Karena pemimpin bukan hanya orang yang dapat dijadikan contoh teladan tapi juga dapat bersifat tegas dalam menegakkan peraturan dan berani dalam mengambil resiko.

Sebenarnya, dalam kepemimpinan yang sudah dicontohkan oleh Nabi Muhammad SAW pemimpin harus memiliki 4 ciri yaitu : 1. Shidiq atau benar. Artinya benar karena segala tindak tanduk sikap dan perbuatan dari pemimpin dilandasi kebenaran. 2. Amanah atau dapat dipercaya. Artinya segala ucapan dan janji ditepati dan dilakukan. 3. Fathonah atau Cerdas. Pemimpin harus cerdas sebagai syarat dalam pengantisipasi segala permasalahan yang mungkin akan muncul dan mempunyai dan yang paling penting adalah cerdas dalam artian mampu membuat solusi atas berbagai permasalahan yang ada melalui berbagai sudut pandang. 4. Tablig atau penyampaikan. Selain ketiga sifat yang disebutkan diatas, pemimpin harus bisa menyampaikan dan mensosialisasikan segala kebijakan yang diambil.

Sumber : http://www.keuanganpraktis.com/2009/06/kepemimpinan-teladan-sifat-kepemimpinan.html
http://www.anneahira.com/motivasi/kepemimpinan.htm
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepemimpinan